Analysis of g-forces are important in a variety of scientific and engineering fields, especially planetary science, astrophysics, rocket science, and the engineering of various machines such as fighter jets, race cars, and large engines.
Humans can tolerate localized g-forces in the 100s of g's for a split second, such as a slap to the face. However, sustained g-forces above about 10 g can be deadly or lead to permanent injury. There is considerable variation among individuals when it comes to g-force tolerance, however. Race car drivers have survived instantaneous accelerations of up to 214 g during accidents. In rocket sled experiments designed to test the effects of high acceleration on the human body, Colonel John Stapp in 1954 experienced 46.2 g for several seconds. Usually, accelerations beyond 100 g, even if momentary, are fatal.
In everyday life, humans experience g-forces stronger than 1 g. A typical cough produces a momentary g-force of 3.5 g, while a sneeze results in about 3 g of acceleration. Roller coasters are usually designed not to exceed 3 g, although a few notable exceptions produce as much as 6.7 g. Slight increases in g-force are experienced in any moving machinery, such as cars, trains, planes, and elevators. Astronauts in orbit experience 0 g, called weightlessness.
G-force varies on different planets or celestial bodies. When an object has a greater mass, it produces a higher gravitational field, resulting in higher g-forces. The g-force on the Moon is about 1/6 g, on Mars about 1/3 g. On the Martian satellite Deimos, only 13 km (8 mi) in diameter, the g-force is about 4/10,000ths of a g. In contrast, the surface of Jupiter experiences a g-force of about 2.5 g. This is smaller than it seems it should be because Jupiter's low density causes its surface to be very far from its primary concentration of mass at the core. On the surface of a neutron star, a degenerate star with a density similar to the atomic nucleus, the surface gravity is between 2×1011 and 3×1012 gs.
